You can build an iPhone app that informs you
which direction you are facing using magnetometer in iOS. In addition to the
accelerometer, the iPhone 3GS has a magnetometer that acts as a digital
compass. Combining the heading information returned by this device with the
roll and pitch information returned by the accelerometer will let you determine
the true orientation of the iPhone in real time.
The magnetometer is measuring the strength of the
magnetic field surrounding the device. In the absence of any strong local
fields, these measurements will be of Earth’s ambient magnetic field, allowing
the device to determine its “heading” with respect to the geomagnetic North
Pole. The geomagnetic heading and true heading, relative to the geographical North
Pole, can vary widely (by several tens of degrees depending on your location).
No matter where you stand on Earth, you can hold
a compass in your hand and it will point toward the North Pole. What an
unbelievably neat and amazing thing! Imagine that you are in the middle of the
ocean, and you are looking all around you in every direction and all you can
see is water, and it is overcast so you cannot see the sun... How in the world
would you know which way to go unless you had a compass to tell you which way
is "up"? Long before GPS satellites and other high-tech navigational
aids, the compass gave humans an easy and inexpensive way to orient themselves.
A compass is an extremely simple device. A magnetic
compass (as opposed to a gyroscopic compass) consists of a small,
lightweight magnet balanced on a nearly frictionless pivot point. The magnet is
generally called a needle. One end of the needle is often
marked "N," for north, or colored in some way to indicate that it
points toward north. On the surface, that's all there is to a compass.
A compass is a navigational instrument
that measures directions in a frame of reference that is stationary relative to
the surface of the earth. The frame of reference defines the four cardinal
directions (or points) – north, south, east, and west. Intermediate
directions are also defined. Usually, a diagram called a compass rose, which
shows the directions (with their names usually abbreviated to initials), is
marked on the compass. When the compass is in use, the rose is aligned with the
real directions in the frame of reference, so, for example, the "N"
mark on the rose really points to the north. Frequently, in addition to the
rose or sometimes instead of it, angle markings in degrees are shown on the
compass. North corresponds to zero degrees, and the angles increase clockwise,
so east is 90 degrees, south is 180, and west is 270. These numbers allow the
compass to show azimuths or bearings, which are commonly stated in this
notation.
There are two widely used and radically different
types of compass. The magnetic compass contains a magnet that interacts with
the earth's magnetic field and aligns itself to point to the magnetic poles.
The gyro compass (sometimes spelled with a hyphen, or as one word) contains a
rapidly spinning wheel whose rotation interacts dynamically with the rotation
of the earth so as to make the wheel process, losing energy to friction until
its axis of rotation is parallel with the earths.
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